Abstract

Malek al-Shu'arai Bahar conveyed his thoughts, which consisted of patriotism, justice, freedom, and reform of civil society, to the audience through literature and poetry. Some of his other thoughts and ideas, especially in the field of intellectualism and political tendencies, have faced serious criticism from some other thinkers, a clear example of which is the strong layers of Westernization and liberalism, as well as his agreement with the anti-normative measures of Reza Shah Pahlavi in ​​the field of revealing the hijab. Therefore, examining the thoughts and political career of Malek al-Shu'arai Bahar as someone who has been effective in both political and cultural fields and has taken effective steps in advancing the political and cultural goals of the Constitutional Revolution, has been worth considering, and his impact on the strengthening of civil society of his era can be examined. Bahar felt responsible for his society because of the spirit of critical realism. He not only criticized the current situation, but also provided solutions for the advancement of civil society. Therefore, from the perspective of some intellectuals, he is considered one of the reformers and pioneers of justice and the elimination of neglect of the people.

Keywords: Political Thought, Bahar,