نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسنده English
This study, adopting a philosophical and mystical approach and employing an explanatory and semantic analysis method, addresses the question: Is the sovereignty of the people a conventional construct (iʿtibārī) or a real phenomenon (ḥaqīqī)? From the perspective of Ḥikmat-e Mutaʿāliya (Transcendent Philosophy) and ʿirfān (Islamic mysticism), it appears that the sovereignty of the people is a real phenomenon, not merely a construct. The primacy of the people over the state aligns with all types of precedence and succession—priority and posteriority—as discussed in Ḥikmat-e Mutaʿāliya. Likewise, in ʿirfān, the human being holds an exalted status and precedes all conventional collectives. Therefore, the people—being individual human beings—are anterior to the state, which is posterior. The formation and survival of the state depend on the people, rendering the latter ontologically prior. The types of precedence discussed in logic and philosophy include: precedence by nature (bi’l-ṭabʿ), by nobility (bi’l-sharaf), by time (bi’l-zamān), by essence (bi’l-dhāt), by causality (bi’l-ʿilliyya), and by degree or rank (bi’l-martaba). In analyzing the relationship between people and the state according to each type, the people are prior, and the state is posterior. From the mystical perspective, too, the people are prior and served (makhdūm), while the state is posterior and in service (khādim). In ʿirfān, the human being is the sovereign of the order of creation. This sovereignty is derived from the Qurʾān, reasoned demonstration (burhān), and ʿirfān. Based on both theoretical and practical ʿirfān, the people are sovereign.
کلیدواژهها English
